Besides the Quran, Muhammad's teachings and practices ( sunnah), found in the Hadith and sira (biography) literature, are also upheld and used as sources of Islamic law (see Sharia). The revelations (each known as Ayah – literally, 'Sign ') that Muhammad reported receiving until his death form the verses of the Quran, regarded by Muslims as the verbatim 'Word of God' on which the religion is based. By the time of his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula had converted to Islam. In 632, a few months after returning from the Farewell Pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. The conquest went largely uncontested and Muhammad seized the city with little bloodshed. In December 629, after eight years of intermittent fighting with Meccan tribes, Muhammad gathered an army of 10,000 Muslim converts and marched on the city of Mecca. In Medina, Muhammad united the tribes under the Constitution of Medina. This event, the Hijra, marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar, also known as the Hijri Calendar. To escape ongoing persecution, he sent some of his followers to Abyssinia in 615, before he and his followers migrated from Mecca to Medina (then known as Yathrib) later in 622. Muhammad's followers were initially few in number, and experienced hostility from Meccan polytheists for 13 years. In 613, Muhammad started preaching these revelations publicly, proclaiming that ' God is One', that complete 'submission' ( islām) to God is the right way of life ( dīn), and that he was a prophet and messenger of God, similar to the other prophets in Islam. When he was 40, Muhammad reported being visited by Gabriel in the cave and receiving his first revelation from God. In later years, he would periodically seclude himself in a mountain cave named Hira for several nights of prayer. He was raised under the care of his grandfather, Abd al-Muttalib, and paternal uncle, Abu Talib. His mother Amina died when he was six, leaving Muhammad an orphan. His father Abdullah was the son of Quraysh tribal leader Abd al-Muttalib ibn Hashim, and he died a few months before Muhammad's birth. He was the son of Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib and Amina bint Wahb. Muhammad was born approximately 570 CE in Mecca. Muhammad united Arabia into a single Muslim polity, with the Quran as well as his teachings and practices forming the basis of Islamic religious belief. He is believed to be the Seal of the Prophets within Islam. According to Islamic doctrine, he was a prophet divinely inspired to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Abraham, Moses, Jesus, and other prophets. Muhammad ibn Abdullah ( Arabic: مُحَمَّد ٱبن عَبْد ٱللَّٰه, romanized: Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh, Classical Arabic pronunciation: c. 570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of the world religion of Islam.

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